All modern ships according to appointment can be divided into 4 main groups: transport, commercial, military, and various support (including serving, sports, scientific research, etc.)

Transport ships carry cargo and passengers. 97% of all the ships of the fleet is the cargo vessels, and only 3% – passenger ones. Cargo ships are dry cargo and tankers; there is a mixture of group-dry cargo tankers.

Dry cargo vessels are divided into universal, suitable for the transport of a variety of dry goods, and specialized, adapted to the goods of one or more species, for example: refrigerator ships, timber, grain truck, vessels for bulk cargo, ore-carriers.

Recently people built ships carrying cargo – in packages, in containers (container), in trailers, in railway cars (ferries) and even in barges carrying capacity of 200-700 tons and more (barge carriers). The main advantage of such ships is fast loading and unloading.

Tankers are the largest among the cargo ships (their capacity reaches 500 thousand tons), although there are tankers with a capacity of only a few hundred tons.

Due to the hazardous nature of cargo tankers are equipped with air-foam fire-fighting facilities, fire extinguishing system with steam and carbon dioxide, a system for filling tanks with inert gas.

It is not surprisingly that the most advanced of the ancient civilizations – Egyptian, Assyrian, and Greek – were born about 4000 years ago on the shores of the seas or large rivers. Water transport made it possible to make fairly long journey and come into contact with other tribes and nations, exchanging information, engaging in a primitive trade and establishing rudimentary economic relationship.

River transportation is most developed in Western Europe on the Rhine, in North America on the Mississippi.

Competing railroads affected the level of technological development of the river fleet of the capitalist countries. In the postwar years some there are signs of technical development of river transport, in particular increasing the proportion of motorized vessels.

During World War II merchant marine of Great Britain, in spite of the increased building of ships to replenish the military losses have decreased from 18, 0 million tons in the beginning of the war to 14, 9 million tons in mid-1945. Although by 1952 the United Kingdom fully stopped the size of its merchant fleet (tonnage even exceeded before the military for 3, 9 %.), yet the post-war development of the fleet has lagged far behind the growth of world tonnage and the proportion of its British fleet continued to fall. The Navy of USA, that affected a little by the hostilities in World War II, more than settled (11, 4 million tons in the mid-1945), but mainly due to production of slow and extremely inefficient (costs too much fuel) vessels (types “Liberty” and “Victoria”). In the postwar years as the recovery and growth of fishing fleets and other capitalist countries, the courts of the USA were increasingly displaced from the international transport and were placed on the joke, or were scrapped: as a result the tonnage of the U.S. navy from 1947 to 1953 declined by 16%.

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