River transport transports passengers and goods on waterways – the natural (rivers, lakes) and artificial (canals, reservoirs) ones. We can allocate: trunk river routes serving the foreign trade transportation of several states, inter-district, serving the transportation between the major areas within the country, local serving intra-communication. The total length of river transport of the world – about 550 km (1990-ies.).

Shipping is the type of water transport for freight and passengers by ships on oceans, seas and marine channels. Maritime transport is divided into coasting (traffic between ports of one country) and international long-distance swimming. Passenger transport by sea is almost driven by air and survived mainly as recreational cruises.

The vessel is a complex engineering structure, able to move through the water (conventional surface ships), under water (submarines) and over the water (hydrofoils and hovercraft). Fragments of the trees were probably the first means of movement of people on water. Then they learned how to tie a few logs or bundles of dry reeds or papyrus in raft. In ancient times people have guessed in a log hollowed out cavity, in which a person could accommodate. Thus canoe appeared. The canoe is easier and more flexible raft, but it is very important for navigation on water. The inhabitants of ancient Mesopotamia floated on inflated skins, leather and wicker baskets filled with resin and covered with skin. This method of making primitive vessels is known in Europe.

A framework covered with bark or skin of sea animals served for navigation on rivers and seas for the inhabitants of north Asia and America. And in ancient Egypt 5000 years ago, the courts were made of many pieces of wood, fastened to each other. Method for construction of the individual parts – a frame and cladding – has led to an increase in the size and improves the seaworthiness of vessels.

In today’s courts work of the main engine, the ship’s power plant and boiler plant is automated. It is managed from the central position in the engine compartment or from the pilot house, watching their work on the remote control devices.

At warships they set weapons and special devices (for example, dropping mines, rocket launching, setting smoke screens), they have cellars for the ammunition, space for aircraft, helicopters. Fishing vessels have special catching devices and equipment for production.

One of the main parts of the ship is the propeller. The simplest propulsion is a paddle, which requires the application of muscular force.

A sail was the more progressive driving force, which uses wind energy. The first propeller forcing the work of the mechanical motor to move the ship was a paddle-wheel. But if the river, where water is relatively calm, rowing oars were used until recently, at the sea, with great excitement, they were unusable. Propeller, which replaced the paddle wheels, is installed on almost all self-propelled vessels, sea and river now. Other types of thrusters have some valuable qualities. For example, the most convenient for ships sailing in shallow water is water-jet propulsion. This pump creates a stream of recoil which moves the ship. A Schneider Propeller is located on the bottom of a horizontal disc with vertical blades – allows a boat to move not only forward and backward, and sideways: you must turn the propeller blades about its axis.

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