Excavator is an earthmover designed for digging and moving soil. All excavators are divided into two groups: continuous – bucket and periodic (cyclic) action – shovels. Bucket excavators do simultaneously both operations – digging the soil and its removal; shovels do these operations sequentially, stopping digging at the time of movement of the soil. Thus, the working time of the machine, during which ground is chosen, and the performance of bucket excavators are higher than shovels. Despite this, shovel excavators are more widely distributed because of their universality, ie, the ability to apply them both to earth, and on handling the toughest, including rock (with pre-blast) soils. Bucket excavators are limited in application: mainly they are used for digging trenches and extraction of nonmetallic materials in quarries with homogeneous soils without rock inclusions.

By way of moving we distinguish land and floating excavators.

To the design of the navigation device land excavators are divided into crawler, wheeled and walking (the latter is used only in the back-hoe).

To reminiscent of the main (primary) motor excavators are diesel or electric ones. Choosing an engine is determined by the conditions in which it will operate an excavator. So, diesels are used on excavators, where the car should be relatively frequently transported from place to place, such as the construction of oil and gas pipelines, railways and highways, civil engineering, etc. The excavators, working constantly in one place, such as quarrying for non-metallic materials, it is advantageous to use electric motors, which are easier and cheaper to operate.

To the drive mechanisms the excavators are one-motor, all working arrangements are done by one or several engines running on a single shaft, and multiengine, which working arrangements are done by multiple engines, working independently from each other. Multiengine drive used in the construction of hydraulic excavators.

By the type of power transmission of motion from the engine to the working arrangements the construction excavators are divided into mechanical and hydraulic. In the mechanical excavators movement is transmitted directly from the prime mover of all the mechanisms through shafts, gears, worm pairs, chain and gears (manual transmission). In hydraulic excavators hydraulic pump (one or several), piping and hydraulic cylinders (hydraulic motors or hydraulic cylinders) perform the role of transmission. In the pipeline a working fluid is circulating, transferring energy from the pump to the hydraulic motors, which set the working mechanisms in motion.

In addition to these signs of classification, excavators each of the groups differ in the use, size and power. Hoes are divided into three main groups to destination: building universal, intended for land and handling works in construction; career – to work in quarries in the development of ore and coal deposits, as well as rocks; overburden – to develop mineral resources (coal, ore) by open way. The latter group also includes powerful and walking excavators – draglines used in mining operations for transferring the upper layers of rocks in the developed space, as well as the construction of large hydraulic structures.

In addition to these major groups there are specialized excavators that are intended for use in certain specific circumstances: underground – for underground mining in large power reservoir, tunnel – for loading blasted rock for tunneling, peat – for peat extraction, etc.

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